The one who is in the sun Essay Example for Free

The one who is in the sun Essay The manipulation of the regular repetition creates contrast and opposition, which produces emotions and makes the story appealing. The contrast also tends to unsettle the readers and make them pay more attention. The rhythm of the story is manipulated by excluding proverbs from the end of the story to prevent monotony and predictability and makes it more memorable. This interruption of the rhythm creates aesthetic tension by means of the fulfillment and defiance of the readers expectations. The repetition of the proverbs creates a pattern, but the pattern is interrupted by the omission of the proverbs. There are also other elements repeated throughout Zabi Naka. The themes of evil, poverty, death, stealing, fighting and righteousness are recurring. The repetition of these components gets vital concepts before the reader more than once and emphasizes the key ideas of this piece of writing. These themes are repeated to accentuate the meaning of the story. The repetition of both the proverbs and the themes in the story creates layers. The layering gives depth and texture to the story. Having the obvious story, then other themes and issues woven in creates the layering. The layering is an embellishment taking something and adding a dimension to it. This tends to instill a sense of wholeness in the reader. The layers of the story make it complete. I believe that interruption also makes the story extraordinary. The proverbs themselves are an interruption of the storyline. The repetition of the pattern of the story, then a proverb, then back to the story is also interrupted by the absence of the proverbs in the second part of the story when the war occurs. The rhythm of the story is interrupted by the lack of proverbs. This constant disturbance throughout the story creates a multitude of layers, making the story more whole. The combination of interruption, layering, repetition, and proverbs make Zabi Naka the incredible work of art that it is. They add meaning and emotion to the story and also make it complete. These artistic characteristics have thoroughly deepened the story and made it interesting.

HR Activities: Nestle, Pakistan

HR Activities: Nestle, Pakistan Abstract The research pursues an eminent theme of human resource management, the costs and benefits of human resource activities in an organization. Importance of the HR-activities in an organization can not be under estimated, as the HR-activities directly or indirectly influence the performance of the organization. The following research will study the costs and benefits of HR-activities and its long-term and short-term influence on the performance of Nestlà ©, Pakistan. The study will be useful in those organizations which prospect an increment in the performance related to the HR-activities. The study will also identify if which activities are beneficial and less cost incurring for the organization, and how managers can make the investment decisions regarding the HR-activities. The positivism along with qualitative method of research have been adopted for the study, data will be collected from primary and as well as secondary resources. Research will be pursuing the objectives of the stu dy and will contribute to the vast subject of human resource management, namely the Human resource activities, the costs and benefits associated and its influence on the performance and management decisions. 1. Introduction: 1.1. Nestlà ©: The Case under Discussion Nestlà © headquartered in Switzerland, is a multinational organization carting the human needs and having its substantial presence in more than 86 larger countries of the world. Nestlà © has been serving Pakistani consumers since 1988. With market capitalisation increasing yearly at average rate of 28% till 2008, Nestlà © Pakistan having great diversity of workforce, employed 2377 people in 2008, with a net profit of 3005 (PKR) billion, which grew by 94% in 2009, Nestle shared 20.7 % of its profit to its employees in 2009. Nestlà © Pakistan has designed a number of programs to develop the human resources activities e-g world-wide training programs, benefit and compensation programs, adoption of new technologies etc. The following research will look into the costs and benefit of HR-activities of Nestlà © Pakistan, how these activities are conducted, invested and developed to achieve the objectives of the HR-unit and organization as a whole. 1.2. Background Good people produce good customers; is the philosophy of modern era. Efficient and effective human resources are vital for the successful organizations. An organization is said to be exultant if its human resources activities enhance its performance. It is very difficult task to manage the human resources in competitive and challenging environment. Organizations should consider specific proportion of the profit for investment in Human Resources to achieve high returns. Human resource activities mean the actions performed within all functions of the human resource management. Usually Human Resource activities include Payroll, Benefits, Recruiting, Training, Labour Relations, and Human Resources Information Systems. The reason of the following research is to study the costs and benefits of the HR-activities of Nestlà ©, Pakistan, to know that how Nestlà © develop and use its HR-activities to run its business successfully. What value the HR-activities are adding towards the Nestlà ©. 1.3. Rationale HR activities play key role in the development of organizational performance. So investment in Human Resource activities is an important decision to achieve the various objectives of the organization. However, investing without setting the clear objectives can prove to be disastrous for the business. Cost-benefit analysis should be kept in consideration before making the investment plan for HR-activates. Nestlà © has strived to achieve the best results through the strong strategies related to the investment in HR-activities. The intention to conduct this research is to explore the issues related to the costs and benefit of HR-activities at Nestlà ©, how Nestlà © develop its cost-benefit analysis, how it makes its HR related decisions and to what extent these decision are successful. Nestlà © has to evaluate the cost and benefit of an activity before investing in it, e-g should Nestle invest in training of existing employees or recruit new people with the required skills. To know whether to invest in the training program or in the recruitment program, organization must project the costs and possible benefits of the both HR-activities, and then take the relative decision. The research will probe that how Nestlà © decides about the human resource activities, how it considers the costs, benefits, and how it decides that whether the activity will be outsourced or will be performed within the organization. The research will be helpful to the small and large organizations working in the same industry. It may help managers about how to decide about investing the different HR-activities and what could be the possible choices and ways they can perform these activities, and which activities can be beneficial and less cost incurring. The research has been divided into five sections, after covering the detailed introduction, the next section will discuss the preliminary review of the literature, and the third section of the research will cover the methods. Fourth section of the research will consist of the interpretations and findings and fifth section of the research will comprise of the discussion, limitations and recommendations. 1.4. Research Question The research will focus on the costs and benefits of the human resource activities at Nestlà ©, Pakistan. Hence the research question is, Why to invest in the HR-activities, the costs and benefits of HR-activities at Nestlà © Pakistan. 1.5. Aims and Objectives Besides pursuing the research problem, the research will pursue the following aims and objectives: To elaborate that which human resource activities are being conducted at Nestlà ©. How these activities affect the overall performance of Nestlà ©. To investigate that how Nestlà © make investment decisions about different HR-activities To explore that how much human resources costs to Nestlà © and how much return the it is getting back from these activities in both monitory and non monitory terms, and which are the activities giving higher return and incurring lower costs at Nestlà © To describe that how Nestlà © , Pakistan is deciding about the HR-activity, whether it is out sourcing the activities or performing it within the organization To discuss the issues related to human resources at Nestlà © To achieve the following objectives, firstly research will study the organization (Nestlà ©) thoroughly, its HR Unit, and HR-activities will be studied deeply, and related data will be gathered from available resources to achieve research objectives. 2. Preliminary Review of the Literature Human resources are the part and parcel of the management from the day of commencement of the idea of a business; According to Guest (1997) human resources are required to carry the business activities of the organization. In the past, HRM was known as the personnel management. However, with the advent of humanistic movement the concept of personnel management was broadened and it covered many other aspects which were not included previously in the subject. It was the time when HRM was realized as a vital part of the business to sustain. It was the time when researches on recruitment, wages, leave and leisure were revised, Employees and employers relations were redefined and concepts of monetary benefits for the workers were introduced with social benefits. Today human resources are considered the most important asset of an organization and the philosophy of having good human resources is vital to ensure the good customers and better performance of the organization. 2.1. HR Activities: Human resource activities are the functions and actions performed with in the business by the people of the organization. Armstrong (2006) conducted a study; the purpose of the study was to analyse the importance of the activity and suggest the HR-managers to evaluate the benefit of the HR-activity under consideration. Human resources in any organization have to perform some stereo type functions like Payroll, Benefits, Recruiting, Training, Labour Relations, employees planning, selection, interviews, placement, transfers, development and Human Resources Information Systems etc., and a crucial practice is to calculate the benefit of each single activity, because every organization incurs a cost on each HR-activity. The justification of the existence of the activity must be provided. In the broader perspective it is one of the basic jobs of HR department in the recent era of high competition to justify the existence of a particular activity to interpret the costs incurred and benefits gained out of the activity. Study concluded that without calculating the benefit for a HR-activity, organization may invest or incur cost on a wasteful activity and benefit out of that activity may be less than the cost incurred. Managers should first conduct the cost-benefit of the activity; this way organization minimizes the wastes. 2.2. Why to invest in HR-activities? There might be an argument as to why invest in HR-activities, which activities to be invested in and why? Amit and Shoemaker (1936) conducted a study according to which, human resources becomes the invisible tools to promote the organization and develops the core competencies. According to Becker et al. (2001), the purpose of the study was to know that how investments in HR-functions create value through out the organization. It directs the managers to project that which activity should be invested and why. Managers should clarify their goals before embarking on costing a project to ensure that the return over the investment exceed the cost. The more worthwhile activity according to the authors is to calculate the cost-per-hire or to determine the most effective way to increase employee competencies (training) in a certain area; HR-score card can also help managers to identify the most salient HR achievable(s) and deliverables. These elements should be primary focus of cost-benefit analysis of the HR-activities; strategic importance, financial significance, widespread impact, links to a business element of considerable variability, focus on a key issue, problem, or decision facing line managers. Study concluded that the HR-activities influence the over all performance of the organization, so when investing in these activities managers should keep in view that how a particular activity will be beneficial for the organizational performance and for its long term and short term objectives. According to Arthur (1994), the role of HR-activities for the organization is very crucial. This causality may or may not be calculated in term of money only. The monetary or non-monetary aspect of the correct selection of the activity could lead towards the corresponding performance of the selected activity and the benefit towards the organizational goals. For example, the training cost incurred on an employee can be seen as expenditure but when these employees help the organization to have a competitive advantage, it is not calculable in terms of money only, but it will enhance the performance of the organization may be in terms of higher quality of the product, higher productivity, lower absenteeism, lower turn over or greater satisfaction from the job. So the research concluded that it is necessary to invest into the HR-activities. However; According to Barney (1986), organizations that compare the costs and benefits of these HR activities, Should keep into consideration that the benefits out of the HR-activities will be received into the future. 2.3. Cost-benefits of HR practices: All HR practices involve a substantial level of costing but there is a resultant benefit out of the activities for the organization. The realization of the cost of the whole process or any of the practice therefore may easily be identified but the benefits of the whole process and its parts, are not identifiable just in terms of money but there can be some non-monetary benefits as well, (Becker and Gerhart, 1996). Boudreau (1990) conducted a research; the purpose of the research was to apply the cost-benefit analysis to HRM decisions. Cost-benefit analysis is a technique through which the decisions regarding the human resources activities can be made. The cost and benefit analysis consist of the relevant cost of the activity and the benefit out of it, which assist in decision making. It is widely used to make consistent, organized and accurate decisions. Although most of the decision making techniques focus on dollar value but the cost-benefit analysis can be used to improve the decisions and can make usage of the information more effective. Therefore, cost-benefit analysis is a simple method that assists to recognize the positive and as well as the negative outcomes of the decision choices to improve the quality, efficiency and communicability of the decision. The research concluded that the cost-benefit analysis can be used; to justify the expenditure on HR-activities and programs, it can he lp in improving the quality of the human resources, it can help in decision making regarding the investment in alternative HR-activities (such as training versus selection, or two different compensation systems), it can help in managing the uncertainty and reduces the risk of failure, and it can help in determining that when to invest in human resources and to forecast the outcomes. Further the research concluded that the cost-benefit models are compatible with financial analysis, but they are different from human resource accounting, because it focuses on HR-decisions. According to Rauschenberger and Schmidt (2005), methods that allow estimating the dollar impact of human resource programs are now available to Industrial-Organizational psychologists and other human resource professionals. These Dollar estimates have been established for numerous recruitment, selection and training programs. But even then the large part of the work has gone unobserved by typical business communities. The human resource professionals and Industrial-Organizational psychologists are unable to communicate their research findings in a clear and credible way to organizational decision makers. The research concluded that Industrial-Organizational psychologists and other technical human resource professionals should place more emphasis on adequately communicating cost-benefit estimates to managers and other organizational decision makers, to improve the decision making regarding the HR-activities. Cost-Benefit Analysis can also help in knowing that whether it would be beneficial for an organization the in-house production of its HR-activities or not and what will be the cost-benefit of outsourcing it. Brown and Wilson (2005) have defined the outsourcing as the act of obtaining services from an external source, while elaborating information technology (IT) outsourcing Kern and Willcocks (2000) state that outsourcing is the practice of contracting out or selling the organizations IT assets, people and/or activities to a third party supplier for monetary payments over an agreed time period. Patry et al., (1999) conducted a study in Canada to develop and estimate a descriptive model of Human resource outsourcing. Six HR-activities were taken into consideration: Payroll, Benefits, Recruiting, Training, Labour Relations, and Human Resources Information Systems. As per the question that what will determine that whether the organization should outsource the HR-activities are not, the field of the organizational analysis, strategy formulation methods and transaction-cost theory were used. The results of the study indicated that the factors of the outsourcing the HR-activities are specific to each type of activity. Prior experience of the organization with outsourcing the other activities, business stability/instability, and the existing union have a powerful influence over the decision that which activity will be out sourced and which will not be out-sourced. However cost-benefit analysis can also be used to compare the costs of performing the HR-activities in-house or outsou rce it, and benefits against the both can be compared to improve the decision. The previous research has identified many HR-activities but the following research will only discuss the major HR-activities; Payroll, Benefits, Recruiting, Training, Human Resources Information Systems and the costs-benefits of the following HR-activities at Nestlà ©, Pakistan, in order to achieve the prescribed objectives of the following research. 3. Methodology It is very significant to plan which data will be useful and how it will be collected to achieve research objectives. The data in the following research follows case study on human Resources. Mostly this research covers qualitative method and will include quantitative, if needed in future to obtain research objective. 3.1. Data Collection Methods The following sources are used to collect the data, in order to achieve the objectives of the study. Primary Research Secondary Research 3.1.1 Primary Research Primary data will be collected to gather information about the HR-activities and to conduct cost and benefit analysis. The research will assemble the results by the study of Nestlà ©s website and case studies of Nestlà © Pakistan and will conduct interviews with peoples working in different sections of Nestlà ©, by online communication, phone calls, emails, instant massaging. 3.1.2 Secondary Research Secondary research will help the researcher to obtain the data which will covers different aspects of the research topics. Following sources will be used to collect the data; online HR journals and articles, newspapers, books, publications of Nestlà ©, magazines, financial statements, business news letters, articles, annual reports and records. 3.2. Instruments The following Instrument will used in the study: 3.2.1. Interviews The research will use online interviews to collect the required data. Following questionnaire will be used to collect latest and effective information about the subject area. What are the Human Resource activities being conducted at the Nestlà ©? What Role the HR- activities play at Nestlà © and generally why these activities are important in any organization? What are, the investment decisions regarding the HR-activities and how they are made? How costs-benefit analysis is conducted at Nestlà ©? What is monetary performance of the organization regarding the HR-activities? Which activities are the value additives and less cost incurring? What are the non-monetary benefits of the HR-activities? Can these activities be conducted differently? If yes then why? What innovations can be brought into the ways of conducting the HR-activities? Does Nestlà © need to conduct the activities in a particular fashion according to its operation or it just do it conventionally? What are the various possible alternatives of the current HR-activities at Nestlà ©? Does Nestlà © consider the ethical issues regarding its HR-activities? What is Nestlà ©s philosophy about the worldly issue changing the machines with human beings? What are other issues related to the HR activities? How the issues related to HR-activities are handled at Nestlà ©, Pakistan? Does Nestlà © consider the cultural constraints, demographics, geographic, various labour laws, environmental constraints, while making policies related to HR-activities? What cultural, environmental and geographical constraints might affect the HR-activities at Nestlà ©? How these constraints are handled? 3.2.1.1. Interviews framework The interviews have been scheduled as follows, to complete the primary research and to collect maximum information possible related to the following research. Table: 3.1. Interview Framework No. Interview Date Interview Time Interviewee Name Designation of Interviewee 1 22,September,2010 12:00 pm Raymond Franke Chief Financial Officer 2 24,September,2010 3:00 pm Uzma Qaiser Butt Head of Human Resources 3 25,September,2010 3:00 pm Ali Sadozai Head of Legal Affairs No. Interviewee Name Responsibilities Discussion Topics 1 Raymond Franke Manages the finance department, facilitate the investment decisions, sets the profit goals, financial goals, finance the business operations etc. Investment decisions regarding the HR-activities; how they are made? How costs-benefit analysis is conducted at Nestlà ©? Monetary performance regarding the HR-activities Value additives and less cost incurring activities 2 Uzma Qaiser Butt Head of Human resource department handles all the issues related to the human resources, plan, career development, organizational development, people development, compensation and benefit programs and all HR-functions are handled under her supervision. What are the Human Resource activities? Role of HR- activities at Nestle Non-monetary benefits of the HR-activities Can these activities be conducted differently? If yes then why how? What innovations can be brought into the ways of conducting the HR-activities? Does Nestlà © need to conduct the activities in a particular fashion according to its operation or it just do it conventionally? What are the various possible alternatives of the current HR-activities at Nestlà ©? What is Nestlà ©s philosophy about the worldly issue changing the machines with human beings? 3 Ali Sadozai Looks after and handles all the legal affairs of the company, related to all departments including finance, HR and marketing. Does Nestlà © consider the ethical issues regarding its HR-activities? What are other issues related to the HR activities? How the issues related to HR-activities are handled at Nestlà ©, Pakistan? Does Nestlà © consider the cultural constraints, demographics, geographic, various labour laws, environmental constraints, while making policies related to HR-activities? What cultural, environmental and geographical constraints might affect the HR-activities at Nestlà ©? How these constraints are handled? 3.2.2. Other instruments Required data will also be collected from: Calculated costs and benefits from HR-score cards (last 5 years) ROI(s) Financial statements (2005-2010) Published Business news letters Articles Annual reports and records 3.3. Sample of the study As the research is about the case of Nestlà ©, related to the costs and benefits of its HR-activities, hence the sample of the study is Nestlà © Pakistan. 3.4. Techniques of the Analysis Due to the most up-to-date information primary research data is considered more reliable and significant. To check the validity of the data, contents of the data will be checked through face- validity technique which involves an expert opinion and the expert opinion will be taken from Nestlà ©s Head of Legal Affairs; Mr. Ali Sadozai, after taking the notes from the interview. 3.5. Strengths of the Methodology The strength of the research methodology depends upon the relevance with the topic and objectives of the study. The following methodology provides all the relevance provided; the requisite data is retrieved from the quarter concern. As the data is to be gathered from the internal sources of the organization, it is therefore supposed that management and the staff will facilitate with the required data, the best results may be achieved, as the source of the data is quite reliable. 3.6. Ethical Considerations As the research focuses on role of HRM in multinational, no ethical issues is involved in the study apparently, however, if during the course of the study any ethical issue arises, then it will be dealt in accordance with the best practices available. 3.7. Project plan The research has been planned as follows, and will be completed with the given objectives and concerns. The time schedule will be strictly followed, in order to conduct the research successfully. S. # Month( Days) Task 1. August 25-30 Introduction 2. September 01-15 Literature review 3. September 21-29 Methodology 4. October 01 -15 Data collection, Analysis 5. October 18 -28 Conclusion and Finalizing 6. November 01-15 Proof reading 4. Analysis Data collected through primary research is usually considered as important because of the high reliable source of the data, besides it also provides up-to-dated information. So secondary data will be used to support the research objectives and primary data will be collected to deeply analyse the issues. The following research will cover the in depth analysis of the issues raised into the research, using primary and secondary sources of data to fulfil the various objectives of the research effectively. 5. Conclusion The following research will analyse the issues regarding the HR-activities at Nestlà ©, Costs-Benefits of these activities for Nestlà © and for other organizations in general, and will probe that what are the issues which the other organizations working on same level and in same industry might face. The research will then provide the various recommendations and suggestions and limitations of the following research to help the future researcher to increase the effort in the following subject area.

Developmental Psychology: Research Methods

Developmental Psychology: Research Methods BOTTE Christopher Louis Cellio Outline and evaluate the research methods employed by developmental psychologists. Developmental psychology is defined by Muir Slater(2003) as the discipline that attempts to describe and explain the changes that occur over time in thoughts, behavior, reasoning and functioning of an individual due to biological, individual and environmental influences. Any developmental psychologist, in its way to try to describe and explain the changes in an individual over time, need to find out what research design combined with research method will be best to gather information to be able to effectively carry its research. In the following paragraphs I will start by explaining the different research methods that are currently used by developmental psychologist. Lastly I will take some question asked by some psychologist from past studies that have been made and try to evaluate the research methods used in it. Research methods can be broken into two parts: qualitative research method and quantitative research method. The distinction between those two types of research methodologies is that qualitative methods are essentially used for exploratory researches, using unstructured or semi-structured techniques such as naturalistic observation and clinical interviews. Exploratory research, defined by Wikipedia is, â€Å"research conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined.† The quantitative methods are used to quantify the gathered information by generating numeral data so that the data can be statistically used for description and interpretation of information from a large population. Structured observation, structured interviews and tests are some examples of quantitative research methods. As said in the preceding paragraphs, there are different types of research methods. Let us now outline and evaluate the different research methods by using past psychological studies so that we can see those research methods in a real context. Descriptive Methods It is in the human nature to observe others and to draw conclusion about their behaviour. We have to admit that we often judge people by their body language. In fact, scientist like psychologist also draw conclusion from people behaviours by observing them. There is a lot to learn just by observing people. The difference between a simple individual’s observation of an event and the observation of a psychologist is that, the scientific observation is done under precisely defined conditions, it is done systematically and objectively. In addition, the event they are observing is carefully recorded. As it is very difficult to study all behaviours and large population at a time, a representative sample of behaviour should be chosen accordingly to the study they are carrying. The sample should be as good as possible for the external validity of the study. External validity means the extent to which the findings from the observations can be generalized. Other than a good representative sample, psychologist have to choose a good time sampling as it enable psychologist to be exposed to the behaviour of interest at different period of the day. For instance, while observing a group of workers to assess their stress level (in work place), they should be observed for the whole day in order to generalize their findings. They cannot be observed only in the morning, where they are still fresh. Instead, they should be observed at different periods of the day or of the week, where under pressure of work, they express different behaviours. Another important factor to make a good observation is situation sampling. Situation sampling is choosing another sample, in another place and under different conditions and circumstances. Situation sampling enhances the external validity of the research findings. There are two distinct types of observation. One is naturalistic or direct observation. It can be both qualitative and quantitative research method. In this type of observation, the researcher is on field, observes and records (written) its subjects in their natural setting. The strength of this method is that, when observing on field the researcher can see the everyday behavior that the subjects expresses. The subject’s behaviours are not biased by the fact that they are being observed by the researcher because they do not know that they are being observed. The drawback is that the researcher is not in control of the situation, therefore he may fail to see the behaviour he is interested in. Also naturalistic observation is often time consuming. Example of naturalistic observation are work of (Farver Branstetter, 1994) in which they observed preschooler prosocial response to their peers’ distress. Another example is the study of (Matsumoto Willingham, 2006) where the observed athletes in their natural setting of an olympic judo competition. The second type of observation also can be both quantitative and qualitative research method. It is the structured observation. This kind of observation is done in laboratory setting, where the researcher reproduce as much as possible real life setting in order to facilitate the occurrence of the behaviour of interest. The laboratory is also set in a way in which every participants can equally display this desired behaviour. The advantages of this research method is that the experimenter can control the laboratory experiment to get the desirable behaviour from the subjects. The drawback is that, very often the subjects will show an admirable and unnatural behavior to impress the researcher because they know that they are being studied. Garner (2003) set a laboratory observation to study the emotional reactions, to harm that two-year-old children thought they had caused. Self-Reports There are three common types of self-report procedures that developmental researcher uses to ask research participants to give information on their perception, thought, abilities, feeling, attitudes and past experiences. These types of self-report methods can be relatively unstructured interviews such as clinical interviews to highly structured interviews and questionnaires. Clinical interview is a type of self-report method. The researcher, which is also the interviewer and the research participant engage in a conversation for a given period of time where the participant give his point of view of the subject in discussion. The advantages of this method is that the researcher can see the way the participant expresses its thought in its everyday life and also a lot of information can be gathered in a session. The disadvantages is that the participant can distort the way the use to think just to please the interviewer. Also when participants are asked questions about past events in their life, they do not remember things. In addition, as the clinical interview is based on conversation, one of the major problem that occurs is the fact that very often the participants has difficulty to put their thoughts into word. An example of clinical interview is the interview of Piaget to a 5-year-old child about dreams. (Piaget, 192611930, pp. 97-98) Structured interview can be both qualitative and quantitative research method in which each and every participants are ask the same set of question. It allows psychologist to gain time during the session as the questions are already prepared in advance. In this methods the psychologist has to prepare an interview schedule and has to stick to this schedule even if the participant is deviating from the focus of the interview. The questions set in the structured interview can be either open-ended or close-ended. The advantage is that this method is not time consuming as the questions are already pre-set but its drawback is that the answers that will result from the participants may still be affected by miscommunication of thought. Structured interview does not provide information in detail as clinical interview does. Questionnaires is a research method where a series of questions are asked for the purpose of obtaining information from respondent. It is considered as a written interview. Again, in this type of self-report interview the questions is set the same way for each participants/respondent. The outcome of this type of research may be very useful in statistical comparison. Questionnaire can be used for large populations at low cost and sometime this method can be quick if the questions asked are close ended. The limitations of this method is that it show little details about the respondents. Also, respondents may not be true in the expression of the feelings and thoughts even though questionnaires are confidential. Clinical or Case Study Method Case study method can provide a full range information on a subject. It is often used to study specific and interesting rare phenomena such as the case of Henry Gustav Molaison (Wikipedia 2015) who was an American memory disorder patient. This method analyses every event in the life the subject so as to give cues about how and why a subject is behaving like it is. Do women have better memories than men? Research suggest that women are better than men when there is a verbal material to remember. For example a list of words. Galea and Kimura (1993) did a laboratory experiment to test the hypothesis that woman have better memory than men. They tried to make an experiment to find if women were also better than men for remembering visual material. They showed the participants, women and men a series of simple and familiar images such as car, table and pen to remember. After that they had to recognise the remembered images in a second series of images. After the experiment, the results were in the advantage of the women. Indeed women remembered more images than men. But is this result true? It is not simple as that to interpret the results directly as they did. It is possible that the women encoded the simple images into simple words so that they were more likely to remember after. This experiment is not valid if the women stored the images as words. The experiment does not show that wome n are better than men in memorising simple images. Therefore we conclude that experiment should be done using specific methods. Do children think an object that is out of sight is out of mind? Jean Piaget is the pioneer of cognitive development in children. He started by observing children’s behaviours and study their responses to his questions. He therefore, develop his theoretical framework to show that every children pass through a series of cognitive stages. In each different stages, a new cognitive ability were acquired. One important milestone in his theory is the object permanence. Object permanence means knowing that when an object is out of sight does not mean out of existence. In the first stage of his theory, the sensorimotor stage starts from birth to the age of two. This stage is said to be the object concept. When doing the search A not B error test, children age around five months cease to search for an interesting object when the experimenter hid it. Piaget concluded that for the children the object has ceased to exist. For older children aged around nine months, they did search for the hidden object but made errors which he called place error, or AB error. The experiment procedure was like that, there were two cloth in front of the children. Let us name it cloth A and cloth B. The interesting object was shown to the child, then place under cloth A. The child successfully retrieved it. Just after the child has retrieved the object, the experimenter places the object under under cloth A and the child was able to retrieve the object again. Now the experimenter places the object under cloth B and this time the child ceases to search for the object. Piaget says that the 5 months old children cease to search because they lack cognitive abilities and they believe that when object disappears, it is just vanished and non-existent anymore. For the nine months old children, Piaget would argue that they have a better understanding of the world but the subjective, egocentrism perspective of the child dominates. How far can we rely on these observation made by Piaget? What are possible alternative explanation of such behaviour? Do children of five months really think that object cease to exist when they are out of their sight? A possible alternative explanation could be that five months children could not retrieve the object under the cloth because they lack motor skills to do it. They simply cannot hold themselves, they cannot bend forward and lift the cloth. If the reason that they do not search for the object when hidden is due to the lack of motor skills, then their cognition abilities has nothing to do with this experiment. Bower and Wishart (1982) did a laboratory experiment to test that 1 to 4 months children did not have object permanence. They tested if the heart rate of the children would rise when they saw an object disappear and then come back again. They hypotheses that if children age from 1 to 4 month did not have object permanence they would not react to the object when its reappears and their heart rate would not change. The result was that when the hidden object reappeared their heart rate did not rose. Therefore Bowen and Wishart concluded that the child had an expectation that the objec t was still there and did not disappeared. However, the moment when the object disappeared their heart rate rose showing their concern about the disappearance of the object. They have an understanding that the object is hidden by an obstacle (the cloth) but it is still there and eventually continues to exist. We have seen from the examples that one methods cannot fully explain some behaviours. Sometimes researcher should use different methods to get out the best from research. Criticism and critical evaluation of their methods and results help in getting reliable and valid research pieces. To conclude, the different methods works for specific event and time. The developmental psychologist should be careful when choosing their research method and designs. The psychologist in their way to describe and explain behaviour should ask themselves a good research question to correctly theorise their ideas and also they should take care of all variables that can interfere with their results. After the handling of those enumerated conditions, then their research results can be accepted and generalized. Reference list: Bower, T., Wishart, J. (1972). The effects of motor skill on object permanence.Cognition,1(2-3), 165-172. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(72)90017-0 Farver, J. M., Branstetter, W. H. (1994). Preschooler prosocial response to their peers distress.Developmental Psychology, 30,334-341. Galea, L., Kimura, D. (1993). Sex differences in route-learning.Personality And Individual Differences,14(1), 53-65. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90174-2 Garner, P. (2003). Child and family correlates of toddlers emotional and behavioral responses to a mishap.Infant Mental Health Journal,24(6), 580-596. doi:10.1002/imhj.10076 Matsumoto, D., Willingham, B. (2006). The thrill of victory and the agony of defeat: Spontaneous expressions of medal winners of the 2004 Athens Olympic games.Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology,91(3), 568-581. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.3.568 Slater, A., Bremner, J. (2003).Introduction to developmental psychology. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. Wikipedia,. (2015).Henry Molaison. Retrieved 8 February 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Molaison 1

Lessons Learned :: essays research papers

Several lessons have been learned through the beginning of the senior design project. We have learned team building lessons, including team interaction, organization and team roles, through many trial and error situations. Issues of project management also have taught me very important lessons that will help me in the real world when I must deal with administrative authority.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a team, we have never set specific roles for each team member, but rather naturally feel into our own roles. I, personally, have become a sort of optimist or gate keeper. I try to make sure everyone feels their opinion is heard and that everyone gets equal say in the design. I also watch to make sure that no one feels their toes are being stepped on by watching people’s mannerisms during the meetings. I also have become somewhat of a meeting coordinator, in the sense that I contact all team members to find a time and location to meet that fits everyone’s schedule. Our method of each team member taking the role that suits their personality best has come naturally, but I think there would also be some benefit in changing the roles so that each member can prepare for real world situations. When in the working world, I may be asked to lead a team, which is a role that is very unnaturally and unlike my personality, but the experience of learning to lea d in a group like this would greatly benefit me when I have to lead in the future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This project involves several aspects that really interest me. I plan on going into radiology, so learning about magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from an engineering perspective is very interesting. I also enjoy applying what we have learned about tissue mechanics from Dr. Criscione and Dr. Humphrey into building an actual device. However, I do not like the added challenges of building such device inside a MRI. The space we have to put the device and the requirements of non-magnetic material have made the design process more intense that I expected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have also learned that I need a specific project completely outlined by a project manager to be most effective. Dr. Wright is an excellent project manager, but he has given a lot of the design requirement and specification decisions to our team. This leaves the limits of our design open-ended; therefore any design in my mind still seems incomplete because we could always add another aspect to the tissue conditioning.

Nietzsches Perspective on Abortion after Rape :: essays research papers fc

Nietzsche's Perspective on Abortion after Rape â€Å"The will to power.† A strong statement made by the philosopher, Nietzsche. He explains this statement in his work, â€Å"Thus Spake Zarathustra.† It can be found in multiple sections explaining different topics. When Nietzsche uses the phrase, â€Å"the will to power,† he means the ability to extend oneself to the furthest of capabilities. He believes that humans have the ability to always do their best, and try their hardest to improve themselves. In this work, he says that humans must overcome themselves and move towards that which is hardest. Giving up is not an option for him, unless in giving up you are pushing yourself to be greater. Abortion due to rape cases is the most controversial reason for an abortion. For the most part, when you ask someone if they think abortions are moral, they will say yes or no. If they say no, half the time they say with the exception of rape cases. With this paper being about the morality of abortion due to rape cases, the â€Å"will to power† idea fits. It can be used to explain either side. Nietzsche explained the idea to mean working to be the best you can. Having an abortion can be looked at as using your will to power because having it done will make you to be a better person. However, it can also be used to back up someone choosing not to have an abortion in saying that by having the baby you are forcing yourself to do the harder thing, therefore helping yourself to grow. I think that even Nietzsche would have a hard time arguing the validity of both of those arguments. Pregnancy can be a way of extending yourself. Extending yourself means growing to be the best you can. Pushing yourself to do better is what Nietzsche feels every person should do. This is â€Å"the will to power.† A person should always strive to do the best they can, whether it is to make themselves feel better or in competition with someone else. In having a baby and going through pregnancy, a woman is pushing herself to do what she feels is necessary to become a better person. Extending yourself involves facing difficulties. Facing difficulties in life helps you to grow. Part of what Nietzsche is saying in â€Å"the will to power† is that you have to conquer the hardest obstacle to make yourself better.

English Language Learners Essay

In this paper we will explain the theory behind English language learners, and give the benefits Of the program. One will show how important it is to practice and or adopt this program as a teacher. In the scenario the teacher was caught off guard he know nothing about using, programs to help him teach the new student. When the student first came into school there should have been an assessment as to how much the child knew. As the child came into the classroom the environment should have made her feel comfortable and safe to explore. The teacher stated that he was frustrated because he did not understand the student native language. As after five months he didn’t know if the student was learning anything. The child would only nod her head or look at him to let him know she understood. The teacher needs to know the stages of oral language development which are the following and the descriptions: 1. The silent period- The student may smile, make hand gestures, point at what they want and not say a word. This stage could last 10 hours, up to six months. 2. The early production stage- This stage could last up to another six months and what also could be expected is simple yes or no answer. At this stage one is not looking for complete conversation. 3. Speech emergences stage- This stage may last up to another year. In the stage the students are able to answer question in complete sentences however, they may make grammatical errors. 4. Intermediate stage- the student is able to make statements and answer in complete sentences. They are also able to give their own opinion, if they don’t understand they will make sure they understand what you are asking and or saying. 5. Advance stage- This student is able to speak in full sentences and write without making grammatical errors. This student can speak as well as an English speaking person. Reading the scenario I was concerned with Mikhail, he had been in the United States for two years and have not yet learned the grammar on his grade level. The teacher states that Mikhail is very well liked and can understand English very well but has poor writing skills. The teacher has no idea what to do next. ACTION PLAN The action plan will be a plan set for all levels of ELLS learners. It will help new students that have not been in an English language learner’s class. It will also help student that have been in the United States for over two years. The first action plan that we are going to do to reduce the effective filtering (anxiety level) the reason for this is to make the students feel comfortable. The more at ease the student is the more the student will learn. The students that are first time comers need to know that the teacher is there for them and they don’t have to second guess. Scaffolding would be one of the activities to help with effective filtering. SHOW AND TELL- This activity is a great example of scaffolding. The teacher would go first so that the students would know how it is to be done. One could show them how to speak clear so that every student understands what they’re saying, it creates a great deal of vocabulary. In doing the show and tell it will allow you to get background on your students. This will allow you to develop a successful lesson plan. Lesson Plan K-12 VOCABULARY/WRITING Fish in a bowl Materials Fish Bowl Pens OBJECT The object of this lesson is to have the students listening, reading and writing. HOW TO PLAY Each student will write a question on paper and put it into the fish bowl. Each student has to put in two question each. One would have to take a paper out of the fish bowl, and read the question and read it in front of the class during this time every one is quite. There are 6 to 10 students sitting in a circle. Once all of the question are pulled and answered, they are put into a smaller group to talk amongst themselves to see how it feels to answer the questions. This activity will give the students listening, writing, reading and speaking activity. In this paper one has shown the importance of English Language Learners. One have shown that this program can be used by every level of English language learner. Reference Chrome.google.com/webstore/category/extensions?hl=en-US&utm_source=chrome-ntp-launcher http://www.edutopia.org/blog/scaffolding-lessons-six-strategies-rebecca-alber Syrja, R.C. (2011). How to reach and teach English language learners: Practical strategies to ensure success. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-B0B0KWqGMI

League of Legends

The poem Funeral Blues, which was written by W H Aden, is a beautiful poem in which the poet conveys the meaning through rhythm and scarring scenes he paints of lost love and anguish. The poem is about the death of a loved one and the actions taken after in the lead up to the funeral, as can be told by the title. The first stanza is striking with the poet creating a silence In your head; the second describes the preparation in a solemn tone that seems to echo for me as the reader.In the third stanza you are shown the love and anguish In Its full light through the slow rhythm of he words with many comma's to add an aura of suspense and depression, male pronouns are used to describe the dead person whose body fills the coffin so the poet Is subtly making reference to his sexuality as though to make a point of his sadness, being gay himself. Finally the fourth stanza finishes the poem with words that suggest a lack of hope from someone who has given up In life. The main ideas that are e xpressed in the poem are centered on loss: they circle around death and how it affects the surrounding people when it takes a loved one.The main idea expressed by the poet is that without this person he is writing about his world is unable to go on. You see this in a beautiful scene in ‘Four weddings and a funeral,' when the poem is read out at the funeral of the readers partner. He talks slowly and as the camera pans out you see the whole audience is crying silently, silence being a key part of W H Addend's poem. Silence. His last stanza makes me as the reader feel like the world is caving in on me which links into the loss of hope and happiness and completely tears at the reader's heart.The mood silently creeps of the page and into the readers mind, illustrating the distress that flows through the lines as though it where a stream. It is dark and without light and as I have said before it was without hope. He focused on using language that could be understood by any age to s ymbolism that everyone could understand what he was feeling, that it was neither easy nor hard to relate. The poem Is about hopelessness against the force of our nature, of life and of death that the poet conveys through his slow rhythm and depressive mood.The Imagery used by W H Aden was an essential part of the effectiveness of the emotion behind the poem. He used It to paint pictures that affected the readers. With some very scaring pictures painted through auditory, and some beautiful, sad pictures painted through visual. These are used to make the audience react to the poem as though it where a recount of their own feelings. Prevent the dog from barking with a Juicy bone, Silence the pianos and with muffled drum† This quote is an example of auditory imagery.It creates a silent wind in the reader's ears and the world the poem creates becomes darker due to the idea of silence. Silence is one of the main horrors of death from the poem and it links directly to the sadness of love and life. Personally when I see this line I can hear the beat of a cuckoo clock cutting of mid call, the cord on a telephone, ripped from it's socket and as the silence becomes more, then suddenly the sound of the slow muffled drums of a parade, making its way towards me. This is an example of great description in my mind because it conveys the significant meaning of the poet's silence in a few words.Put crepe bows round the white necks of the public doves, Let the traffic policemen wear black cotton gloves. † Is an example of visual imagery by themselves the lines are beautiful and peaceful, but they add to the sorrow through their calm, delicate, beauty when combined with the rest of the poem. It is amazing how Aden has intertwined doves into his dark and sorrowful poem as they are a sign of love, peace, holiness and fertility, not death, sadness and the sin of homosexuality in many cultures. â€Å"The stars are not wanted now; put out every one, Pack up the moon and d ismantle the sun,Pour away the ocean and sweep up the wood; For nothing now can ever come to any good† This stanza is the most visual, I myself am able to see people covering the stars with black cloth, pulling down the sun, bit by bit, and clearing the land dry and barren. W H Addend's poem Funeral Blues shows the reader that death is a force stronger than life and love stronger than the both; he does this through the visual imagery he has created throughout the stanzas to create a sense of harsh peace and auditory imagery to chill the reader with the power of silence.